Liver inflammation, or hepatitis, a combination of the Greek words for liver and inflammation, is mainly caused by viral infections, although alcohol abuse, environmental toxins and autoimmune disease are also important causes.
According to the World Health Organisation, over 70 million cases and 4,00,000 deaths due to hepatitis are recorded worldwide each year.
With the first win dating back to 1923, a University of Alberta researcher is the second Canadian to receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
More recent science awards have done a better job in highlighting these large collaborations, said Rees.
The prize-awarding committees are "not in any way influenced by what is happening in the world at the time", Erling Norrby, the former permanent secretary of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences which awards the science prizes, told AFP.
The pair won the prestigious Lasker Prize in the USA a year ago.
"Canada is so very proud to have their second Nobel Prize victor in Physiology and Medicine, the first one being [back] in 1923".
For Tuesday's physics prize, astrophysicists Shep Doeleman of the U.S. and Germany's Heino Falcke could win for work that led to the first directly observed image of a black hole in April 2019, according to Dagens Nyheter. It would create "lots of optimism, both within the Black community and wider", he says.
However, now he understands that the awards typically go to folks who have achieved a body of work, usually in academia, over the course of years.
But Dr Rice said the World Health Organization was unlikely to be able to eradicate the virus by 2030, in part because a broadly effective and widely available vaccine was still years away, and also because many countries have banned research on chimpanzees, which was more powerful than studies on rodents.
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For chemistry, SR predicted the honour could go to Christopher Murray for his work on semiconductor nanocrystals or to USA gene sequencing pioneer Leroy Hood, while Dagens Nyheter tipped Americans Harry Gray, Richard Holm and Stephen Lippard for work in the field of bioinorganic chemistry. "As president of the University of Alberta, the institution where he has dedicated his time, I am proud and exhilarated that his work has been recognized in this way".
Nobel prizes have been awarded since 1901 honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace.
Stavros Katsanevas, director of the European Gravitational Observatory, whose Virgo gravitational wave antenna played a key role in the science behind the 2017 physics prize, is of two minds about the Nobels.
"What we need is the political will to eradicate it" and to make the drugs affordable enough to do it, Alter said.
I waited a few minutes because I thought the Nobel Committee might be talking to Michael.
"I was awake at 4 (a.m.)", Tyrrell said.
The United States tends to dominate in the sciences, for example, and some USA universities stand out, such as Harvard University.
Others lament the failure to recognise American virologist Robert Gallo for his contribution to the discovery of HIV, Rosalind Franklin for her pioneering work on DNA, and Italian physicist Adalberto Giazotto for his role in detecting gravitational waves. The prizes are also not supposed to be awarded posthumously.
"You need basic research, but you have to use the information that basic research is producing".
"I think it's still a good thing". We're always going to have prizes and awards. But it's really a reflection on society and the inequalities in society.
Alter was born in 1935 in NY and carried out his prize-winning studies at the U.S. National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, where he remains active, the commitee said.
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